Introduction to textile fabric identification
The identification of textile fabrics can be started from three latitudes. The textile fabric composition, the front and back of the textile fabric, the warp and weft, and the appearance quality of the textile fabric. By identifying these three directions, fabric buyers can help fabric buyers find good fabrics with good quality and low price. . Below, Xiaobian details the specific methods of the three categories of identification methods, learn something oh~
Identification of textile fabric components
Sensory identification
(1) Main methods
Seeing: Using the visual effects of the eye, look at the gloss and darkness of the fabric, the dyeing, the rough surface and the appearance of the texture, texture and fiber.
Hand touch: Using the tactile effect of the hand, the fabric is soft, hard, smooth, fine, elastic, cold and warm. The strength and elasticity of the fibers and yarns in the fabric can also be detected by hand.
Ear listening, nose sniffing: hearing and smell have certain help in judging the raw materials of certain fabrics. For example, silk has a unique silk sound; different types of different fabrics have different tearing sounds; acrylic and wool fabrics have different odors.
(2) four steps
The first step is to initially distinguish the major categories of fibers or fabrics.
In the second step, the sensory characteristics of the fibers in the fabric are used to further judge the type of raw materials.
The third step is to make a final judgment based on the sensory characteristics of the fabric.
The fourth step is to verify the judgment result. If you have little control over the judgment, you can use other methods to verify it. If the judgment is incorrect, the sensory identification can be re-examined or combined with other methods for identification.
2. Combustion identification method
Combustion characteristics of common textile fibers
1 cotton fiber, burning in case of fire, burning fast, producing yellow flame, odor; slightly grayish white smoke, can continue to burn after the fire, after the flame is extinguished, Mars is still burning, but the duration is not long; burning After the original shape can be maintained, the hand touches easily into loose ash, the ash is gray and soft powder, and the charred portion of the fiber is black.
2 Hemp fiber, burning speed, softening, no melting, no shrinking, producing yellow or blue flame, burning grass smell; leaving the flame to continue burning quickly; less ash, light gray or white grass ash.
3 wool, the flame does not burn immediately, first curling, then smoke, then the fiber starts to burn; the flame is orange yellow, the burning speed is slower than the cotton fiber, leaving the flame immediately ceases to burn, not easy to burn, burning hair and feathers The odor; the ash can not maintain the original state of the fiber, but the amorphous or spheroidal shiny dark brown brittle block, crushed with a finger, the ash is more, there is a burning odor.
4 silk, burning slowly, melting and curling, shrinking into a mass when burning, smell of burning hair; slightly flashing when leaving the flame, slowly burning, sometimes self-extinguishing; gray is dark brown crispy ball, with fingers A crush is broken.
5 Viscose fiber, the burning properties are basically similar to cotton, but viscose fiber burns slightly faster than cotton fiber, less ash, sometimes difficult to maintain the original shape, viscose fiber will emit a slight squeak when burning.
6 Acetate fiber, burning fast, sparks, melting while burning, pungent acetic acid when burning; when burning away, melting while burning; gray is black and shiny irregular block, with fingers crush.
7 Copper-ammonia fiber, burning speed is fast, does not melt, does not shrink, has the smell of burning paper; leaving the flame to continue burning quickly; less ash, light gray or grayish white.
8 When burning, the fiber first curls, while melting, slowly burning, there is a yellow-white flame, the flame side is blue, the top of the flame is black smoke; leaving the flame to continue burning, sometimes stops burning and self-extinguish; there is aroma when burning Or sweet; the ash is a dark brown hard ball that is not easily broken with fingers.
9 Nylon, which causes fiber shrinkage when it is close to the flame. After contact with the flame, the fiber shrinks rapidly and melts into a transparent gel with small bubbles.
10 Acrylic fiber, which melts and melts while burning, and burns fast; the flame is white, bright and powerful, sometimes slightly black smoke; there is a fishy odor or spicy taste similar to coal tar; leaving the flame to continue burning, but the burning speed is slow; The ash is a dark brown irregular brittle ball that is easily broken with fingers.
? Vinylon, the fiber shrinks rapidly when burning, slowly burns, the flame is very small, almost smokeless; when the fiber is melted a lot, it will produce a large dark yellow flame with small bubbles; when burning, it has a special smell of calcium carbide gas; Leave the flame to continue burning, sometimes self-extinguishing; the ash is dark brown irregular brittle beads, which can be broken with fingers.
? Polypropylene, curled on one side, melted and burned slowly; there is a bright blue flame, black smoke, a gelatinous drop; a smell similar to burning paraffin; leaving the flame to continue burning, sometimes self-extinguishing; The rules are hard, transparent, and difficult to break with your fingers.
• Chlorine, difficult to burn; melt and burn in the flame, black smoke; leave the flame immediately extinguished, can not continue to burn; burnt when there is a bad smell of pungent chlorine; ash is irregular black and brown lumps, difficult to use fingers Broken.
• Spandex, which expands into a circular shape near the flame, then shrinks and melts; melts and burns in the flame, the burning speed is slow, the flame is yellow or blue; burning away from the flame while burning, slowly self-extinguishing; there is special stimulation when burning Sexual odor; ash is a white sticky mass.
3. Density gradient method
The identification process of the density gradient method is: firstly, the density gradient liquid is configured by appropriately mixing two light liquids and heavy liquids of different densities and being mutually mixed, generally using xylene as a light liquid, and carbon tetrachloride being The heavy liquid, by diffusion, diffuses the light liquid molecules and the heavy liquid molecules at the two liquid interfaces, so that the mixed liquid forms a density gradient liquid having a continuous change from top to bottom in the density gradient tube. A standard density ball is used to calibrate the density values ​​for each height. Then, the textile fiber to be tested is subjected to pretreatment such as deoiling and drying to form a small ball, and the small ball is sequentially put into a density gradient tube, and the density value of the fiber is measured, and compared with the standard density of the fiber, thereby identifying the fiber. kind. Since the density gradient will vary with temperature, it is important to keep the temperature of the density gradient constant during the test.
4. Microscopic observation
By observing the longitudinal morphology of the textile fibers under the microscope, it is possible to distinguish the major classes to which they belong; by observing the cross-sectional morphology of the textile fibers, the specific name of the fibers can be determined.
5. Dissolution method
For purely woven fabrics, when adding a certain concentration of chemical reagents to a test tube containing the textile fibers to be identified, then observe and carefully distinguish the dissolution of the textile fibers (dissolved, partially dissolved, slightly soluble, insoluble), and Carefully record the temperature at which it dissolves (dissolved at room temperature, dissolved in heat, boiled and dissolved).
For blended fabrics, when it is identified, the fabric needs to be split into individual textile fibers, and then the textile fibers are placed on a concave glass slide, the fibers are unfolded, chemical reagents are dropped, and observed under a microscope. The dissolution of the component fibers was observed to determine the type of fiber.
Since the concentration and temperature of the chemical solvent have a significant influence on the solubility of the textile fiber, the concentration and temperature of the chemical reagent should be strictly controlled when the textile fiber is identified by the dissolution method.
6. Reagent coloring
The reagent coloring method is a method for rapidly identifying textile fiber varieties based on the difference in coloring properties of various textile fibers to a certain chemical agent. Reagent coloring is only available for undyed or purely spun yarns and fabrics. Decolorization of colored textile fibers or textile fabrics must be advanced.
7. Melting point method
The melting point method determines the melting point of the various synthetic fibers according to the melting characteristics of various synthetic fibers, thereby identifying the varieties of the textile fibers. Most synthetic fibers do not have an exact melting point. The melting point of the same synthetic fiber is not a fixed value, but the melting point is substantially fixed in a relatively narrow range. Therefore, the type of synthetic fiber can be determined according to the melting point. This is one of the methods for identifying synthetic fibers. This method is generally not used simply, but is used as a confirmation aid after preliminary identification, and is only applicable to purely spun synthetic fiber fabrics which have not been subjected to anti-melting treatment.
Identification of the front and back and latitude and longitude of textile fabrics
1. Identification of the front and back of textile fabrics
It can be roughly classified according to the structure of the textile fabric (plain, twill, satin), according to the appearance effect of the textile fabric (printed cloth, leno fabric, towel fabric), according to the pattern recognition of the textile fabric, according to the textile fabric The edge feature recognition is based on the appearance effect of the textile fabric after special finishing (hairing fabric, double layer multilayer fabric, burnt fabric), according to the trademark and seal identification of the textile fabric, according to the packaging form of the textile fabric;
2. Identification of the warp and weft of textile fabrics
It can be identified from the edge of fabrics, the density of textile fabrics, the identification of raw materials of yarns, the identification of yarns, the identification of yarns, the identification of sizing conditions, the identification of scars, the density of warp and weft of fabrics. , æ» and æ» recognition, according to the flexibility of the fabric.
Identification of the appearance quality of textile fabrics
1. Textile fabric ç‘•ç–µ recognition
The fabrics of the fabrics are broken, sunken, jumped, edged, spider web, broken hole, roving, slub yarn, big belly yarn, double weft, tight crepe, uneven strip, thin, thin weft, Thin sections, dense roads, thick sections, side ridges, neps impurities, stains, color strips, crosspieces, de-wefting, hundred feet, creases, rolling, stagnation, latitude, zonal, scorpion, sputum Wear the wrong, narrow, twill reverse, pattern inconsistency, color difference, color strips, stripes, streaks, pattern inconsistencies, deep and thin spots, skew, offset, desizing, color, stain, etc., according to the appearance characteristics can be carried out Identification.
2. Deterioration of textile fabrics
The main method is to look, touch, listen, smell, and swear.
Look, observe the color and shape of the fabric, and trace the traces left by the deterioration. Such as wind stains, oil stains, water spots, mildew spots, stains, discoloration or abnormalities in the fabric.
Touch and hold the fabric with your hand to feel the symptoms of deterioration, such as stiffness, viscous adhesion and fever.
Listening, the sound produced by tearing the fabric is contrasted with the crisp sound of normal fabrics, such as when the sound is dull, turbid, and silent, deterioration may occur.
Sniff, by smelling the fabric, to determine whether the fabric has deteriorated. In addition to specially finished fabrics (such as anti-rain agents or resin treatment), any smell, such as acid, mildew, bleaching powder, etc., indicates that the fabric has deteriorated.
舔 After passing through the tongue and crepe fabric, if the flour is mildewed or has a sour taste, it means that it has become moldy.
Learning these methods is not a fabric rookie. It is a matter of minutes to identify the fabric.
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